Penny's poetry pages Wiki
Register
Advertisement
About Shakespeare

William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's life
Religion • Sexuality
Bibliography
Collaborations • Attribution
Criticism
Reputation • Influence
World Bibliography
Folger Shakespeare Library
Books on Shakespeare

Poems

Shakespeare's Sonnets
Shakespearean sonnet
Petrach vs. Shakespeare
"A Lover's Complaint"
"Venus and Adonis"
"The Rape of Lucrece"
"The Phoenix and the Turtle"

Chronology • Early texts
First Folio • Second Folio
False Folio • Style

The Two Gentlemen of Verona
The Merry Wives of Windsor
Measure for Measure
The Comedy of Errors
Much Ado About Nothing
Love's Labour's Lost
A Midsummer Night's Dream
The Merchant of Venice
As You Like It
The Taming of the Shrew
All's Well That Ends Well
Twelfth Night

Histories

King John • Richard II
Henry IV, Part 1 • Part 2
Henry V • Henry VI, Part 1
Henry VI, Part 2 • Part 3
Richard III • Henry VIII

Tragedies

Troilus and Cressida
Coriolanus • Titus Andronicus
Romeo and Juliet''
Timon of Athens
Julius Caesar
Macbeth • Hamlet
King Lear • Othello
Anthony and Cleopatra

Romances

Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Cymbeline • The Winter's Tale
The Tempest
The Two Noble Kinsmen

Rowe • Pope • Theobald
Johnson • Steevens • Malone
Chalmers

Contemporaries

Elizabeth I • James I
Richard Barnfield
Beaumont and Fletcher
Geo. Chapman • Henry Chettle
Robert Davenport
Tho. Dekker • Michael Drayton
Thomas Heywood • John Ford
Ben Jonson • Thomas Kyd
John Lyly • Gervase Markham
Christopher Marlowe
John Marston • Tho. Middleton
Anthony Munday • Tho. Nashe
George Peele • William Percy
Walter Raleigh • William Rowley
Cyril Tourneur • John Webster
Geo. Whetstone • Mary Wroth
Elizabethan miscellanies

In performance

Shakespeare's Globe
Royal Shakespeare Theatre
Stratford Shakespeare Festival
Theatre companies
Film and TV adaptations
BBC Television Shakespeare

Miscellaneous

Shakespeare Apocrypha
Authorship question • History
Jubilee • Bardolatry
Shakespeare's Birthplace
Stratford-upon-Avon
Shakespeare garden

This box: view · talk · edit

Statue Of Shakespeare

Detail from statue of Shakespeare in Leicester Square, London.

William Shakespeare's style was borrowed from the conventions of the day, but at the same time adapted them to his needs.

Overview[]

Shakespeare's earliest plays were written in the conventionally happy style of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama.[1] The poetry depends on extended, sometimes elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical — written for actors to declaim rather than speak. For example, the grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, in the view of some critics, often hold up the action; meanwhile, the verse in Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted.[2]

Soon, however, Shakespeare began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard’s vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays.[3] No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare combined the 2 throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles.[4]

By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself.

File:Pity.jpg

Pity by William Blake, 1795, Tate Britain, is an illustration of two similes in Macbeth: "And pity, like a naked new-born babe, / Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd / Upon the sightless couriers of the air".

Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter. In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of 10 syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every 2nd syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony.[5] Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind:[6]

Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting
That would not let me sleep. Methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly—
And prais'd be rashness for it—let us know
Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well...

After Hamlet, Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A.C. Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical".[7] In the last phase of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects. These included run-on lines, irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length.[8]

In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1.7.35–38); "...pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air..." (1.7.21–25). The listener is challenged to complete the sense.[8] The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and words are omitted, creating an effect of spontaneity.[9]

Shakespeare's poetic genius was allied with a practical sense of the theatre.[10] Like all playwrights of the time, Shakespeare dramatised stories from sources such as Petrarch and Holinshed.[11] He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible. This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama.[12] As Shakespeare’s mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays, however. In his late romances, he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre.[13]

Form[]

Iambic pentameter. In some of his early works, he added punctuation at the end of the lines to strengthen the rhythm wrote with his pen.[14] He and other dramatists at the time used this form of blank verse for much of the dialogue between characters in order to elevate the poetry of drama.[15] To end many scenes in his plays he used a rhyming couplet, thus creating suspense.[16] A typical example occurs in Macbeth: as Macbeth leaves the stage to murder Duncan (to the sound of a chiming clock), he says,[17]

Hear it not Duncan; for it is a knell

That summons thee to heaven or to hell.

His plays make effective use of the soliloquy, in which a character makes a solitary speech, giving the audience insight to the character's motivations and inner conflict.[18] Among his most famous soliloquies are To be or not to be, All the world's a stage, and What a piece of work is a man[19] . The character either speaks to the audience directly (in the case of choruses, or characters that become epilogues), or more commonly, speaks to himself or herself in the fictional realm.[20] Shakespeare's writing features extensive wordplay of double entendres and clever rhetorical flourishes.[21]

Humour is a key element in all of Shakespeare's plays. His works have been considered controversial through the centuries for his use of bawdy punning,[22] to the extent that "virtually every play is shot through with sexual puns."[23] Indeed, in the nineteenth century, popular censored versions of the plays were produced as The Family Shakspeare [sic] by Henrietta Bowdler (writing anonymously) and later by her brother Thomas Bowdler.[24] Comedy is not confined to Shakespeare's comedies, and is a core element of many of the tragedy and history plays. For example, comic scenes dominate over historical material in Henry IV, Part 1.[25]

Similarities to contemporaries[]

Besides following the popular forms of his day, Shakespeare's general style is comparable to several of his contemporaries. His works have many similarities to the writing of Christopher Marlowe, and seem to reveal strong influences from the Queen's Men's performances, especially in his history plays. His style is also comparable to Francis Beaumont's and John Fletcher's, other playwrights of the time.[26]

Shakespeare often borrowed plots from other plays and stories. Hamlet, for example, is comparable to Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum.Template:Fact Romeo and Juliet is thought to be based on Arthur Brooke's narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet.[27] King Lear is based on the story of King Leir in Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth, which was retold in 1587 by Raphael Holinshed.Template:Fact Borrowing plots in this way was not uncommon at the time. After Shakespeare's death, playwrights quickly began borrowing from his works, a tradition that continues to this day.[26]

Differences from contemporaries[]

Shakespeare's works express the complete range of human experience.[28] His characters were human beings[29] who commanded the sympathy of audiences when many other playwrights' characters were flat or archetypes.[30][31] Macbeth, for example, commits 6 murders by the end of the 4th act, and is responsible for many deaths offstage, yet still commands an audience's sympathy until the very end[32] because he is seen as a flawed human being, not a monster.[33] Hamlet knows that he must avenge the death of his father, but he is too indecisive, too self-doubting, to carry this out until he has no choice.[34] His failings cause his downfall, and he exhibits some of the most basic human reactions and emotions. Shakespeare's characters were complex and human in nature. By making the protagonist's character development central to the plot, Shakespeare changed what could be accomplished with drama.[35]

References[]

notes[]

  1. Clemen, Wolfgang (2005). Shakespeare's Dramatic Art: Collected Essays, 150. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35278-9.
  2. Frye, 105, 177.
    • Clemen, Wolfgang (2005). Shakespeare's Imagery. London; New York: Routledge, 29. ISBN 0-415-35280-0.
  3. Brooke, Nicholas, "Language and Speaker in Macbeth", 69; and Bradbrook, M.C., "Shakespeare's Recollection of Marlowe", 195: both in Shakespeare's Styles: Essays in Honour of Kenneth Muir. Edwards, Philip; Inga-Stina Ewbank, and G.K. Hunter (eds.) (2004 edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-61694-8.
  4. Clemen, Shakespeare's Imagery, 63.
  5. Frye, 185.
  6. Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2, 4–8. Wright, George T (2004). "The Play of Phrase and Line". In Shakespeare: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory, 1945–2000. Russ McDonald (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, 868. ISBN 0-631-23488-8.
  7. Bradley, 91.
  8. 8.0 8.1 McDonald, 42–6.
  9. McDonald, 36, 39, 75.
  10. Gibbons, 4.
  11. Gibbons, 1–4.
  12. Gibbons, 1–7, 15.
  13. McDonald, 13.
    • Meagher, John C (2003). Pursuing Shakespeare's Dramaturgy: Some Contexts, Resources, and Strategies in his Playmaking. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 358. ISBN 0-8386-3993-3.
  14. Introduction to Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Barron's Educational Series, 2002, 11.
  15. Template:Cite document
  16. Miller, Carol (2001). Irresistible Shakespeare. New York: Scholastic Professional. pp. p18. ISBN 0-439-09844-0. 
  17. Macbeth Act 2, Scene 1
  18. Clemen, Wolfgang H. (1987) Shakespeare's Soliloquies, trans. Charity S. Stokes, Routledge, 11.
  19. Barnet, Sylvan (1998). A Midsummer Night’s Dream. London, England: Signet Classics. pp. vii - lxi. 
  20. Maurer, Margaret (2005). "Shakespeare and the History of Soliloquies". Shakespeare Quarterly 56 (4): 504. doi:10.1353/shq.2006.0027.  Retrieved through Proquest on June 6, 2007 here.
  21. Mahood, Molly Maureen (1988). Shakespeare's Wordplay. Routledge. pp. 9. 
  22. Partridge, Eric (1947). Shakespeare's Bawdy. London: Routledge. pp. Preface p.xi. ISBN 0-415-05076-6. 
  23. Wells,, Stanley (2004). Looking for Sex in Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1. ISBN 0-521-54039-9. 
  24. Wells, Stanley Looking for Sex in Shakespeare 19-20.
  25. Kastan, David Scott (ed.) King Henry IV, Part 1 (The Arden Shakespeare:Third Series, Thomson, London 2002) Introduction, 14.
  26. 26.0 26.1 Holland, Peter. (Sept 2004) "Shakespeare, William (1564–1616)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press; online ed, Jan 2007 http://www.oxforddnb.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/view/article/25200, Retrieved 25 June 2007
  27. Arthur J. Roberts (Feb 1902). "The Sources of Romeo and Juliet". Modern Language Notes (The Johns Hopkins University Press) 17 (2): 41–44. doi:10.2307/2917639. JSTOR 2917639. 
  28. Reich, John J., and Cunningham, Lawrence S. Culture And Values: A Survey of the Humanities Thomson Wadsworth, 2005, 354.
  29. Webster, Margaret. Shakespeare Without Tears Courier Dover Publications, 2000, 194.
  30. Bennett, J. A. W. , Gray, Douglas, et al. The Oxford history of English literature: The Age of Shakespeare Oxford University Press, 1997, 503.
  31. Leggatt, Alexander. "Arden of Faversham" from Shakespeare Survey by Stanley Wells (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2002, 121.
  32. Dotterer, Ronald L. Shakespeare: Text, Subtext, and Context Susquehanna University Press, 1989, 91.
  33. McCarthy, Mary. "General MacBeth" from The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Signet Classic, 1998, 162.
  34. Berryman, John. Berryman's Shakespeare: Essays, Letters and Other Writings Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2001, pages 114-116.
  35. Frye, Roland Mushat. (2005) Shakespeare:The Art of the Dramatist. Routledge, pg. 118. ISBN 0-415-35289-4

External links[]

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia. (view article). (view authors).
Advertisement